Concept of social cognition

由老師提供之social cognition---concept中，初步記錄以下資料，並篩選出3篇我認為較全面性的探究社會認知概念的文獻，欲完整的看過。
如下：

• Social Cognition in Schizophrenia: An NIMH Workshop on Definitions, Assessment, and Research Opportunities → 定義社會認知範疇
• plicit social cognition: from measures to mechanisms
• Social and neuro-cognition as distinct cognitive factors in schizophrenia: A systematic review

接下來，就我對title、abstract的瞭解會試著再分類一次。

Pediatric

l   社會認知程度越高者，對老師的評論敏感度越高，尤其兒童的學前社會認知比在學社會認知扮演更重要的角色。個體於早期社會認知的差異會造成明顯的發展差異。(Cutting & Dunn, 2002)

l   (CPA ,child physical abuse)社會認知範疇中若有較佳的社會推理(social inference)，可以代償社會功能損傷。(Choi, Davidson, & Spaulding, 2011)

l   社會認知功能範疇中社會情緒及語用能力(pragmatic language)不佳的問題，會在品行疾患兒童中表現出來。另外發現產生語用能力缺損可能和男生的過動症狀有關，此結果並不適用於女生以及社會情緒障礙。(Oliver, Barker, Mandy, Skuse, & Maughan, 2011)

Schizophrenia

l   社會認知應為一個獨立的認知領域，並與功能性結果較相關。(Mirabilio et al., 2006)

l   social/communication skill可以不受認知能力影響預測病患的工作經歷。預測精神分裂症病患日常功能時，也需要評估social skill。(Dickinson, Bellack, & Gold, 2007)

l   認知功能評估是精神分裂症患者功能性預後可靠的預測因子。本研究IntedNeuro測驗組中屬於一般認知的「工作記憶能力、語言記憶、持續性注意力/警覺」，與社會認知的「消極因子」，能夠預測第一型精神分裂症患者的不佳的功能狀況。(Williams et al., 2008)

l   社會認知(情感知覺、theory of mind)比一般認知更能夠預測精神分裂症患者的社區功能。其中又以theory of mind是預測功能性的最佳因子。社會認知差的患者其獨立生活技巧越差。為全面的了解病患的優/劣勢，社會認知的評估必須與一般認知及精神症狀評估同時進行。(一般健康人的社會認知與社區功能無關)。(Pijnenborg et al., 2009)

l   社會認知損傷是精神分裂症患者常見的缺損，可以廣泛的在許多任務中被監測到，並且對解釋不佳的功能性表現扮演重要的關鍵。社會認知包含的範疇有情緒處理(emotional processing)、社會知覺(social perception)、歸因風格(attributional style)、心智理論(theory of mind)。「有敵意的歸因風格」與臨床症狀相關而非功能性表現；「低階的社會線索察覺」及「高階的推理、調節處理」則與功能性表現顯著相關、與臨床症狀不相關。「低階的社會線索察覺」尤其調控功能性表現使其產生顯著變異，影響超越神經認知。精神疾病可以看出不同向度的社會認知，對於臨床特徵及功能性表現有相關性各有特定模式。

註：(1)低階的社會線索察覺：基礎情感察覺技巧--臉部辨識；低階認知處理—解釋他人非語言訊息；初級心智表徵—察覺謊言。(2) 高階的推理、調節處理：更精確的情感技巧—主觀情感的管理能力；較高階的社會認知能力；次級心智表徵—察覺諷刺。(Mancuso, Horan, Kern, & Green, 2011)

l   動機與社會能力是社會認知與功能性表現的中介變數(mediator)；而社會認知則是神經認知與功能性表現的中介變數。未來研究應考量其他影響因子、mediator、moderator，以增強預測強度，並應用之做為治療的目標。(Schmidt, Mueller, & Roder, 2011)

l   社會認知其中的一個向度--情感辨識與後設認知顯著相關，且應不會隨著時間改變(因為沒有證據顯示有改變)，即現在、未來(預期性)皆相關。(Hamm et al., 2012)

l   神經認知在社會認知之前(primary to)；社會認知在功能性表現之前。社會認知及神經認知各自與功能性表現有因果關係。建議對於神經認知或社會認知需要有各自明確的治療。(de Jong, de Gelder, & Hodiamont, 2013)

l   此篇研究支持，臨床症狀可以調控神經認知與社會認知對於功能性表現的影響。(Lin et al., 2013)   

Healthy people

l   大腦對於面部表情處理與社會認知相關。(Petroni et al., 2011)

References

1. Choi, K. H., Davidson, C., & Spaulding, W. D. (2011). Social cognition moderates the influence of child physical abuse on inpatient psychiatric rehabilitation. J Nerv Ment Dis, 199(7), 465-470. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182214255
2. Cutting, A. L., & Dunn, J. (2002). The cost of understanding other people: social cognition predicts young children's sensitivity to criticism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry, 43(7), 849-860.
3. de Jong, J. S., de Gelder, B. B., & Hodiamont, P. P. (2013). Sensory processing, neurocognition, and social cognition in schizophrenia: towards a cohesive cognitive model. Schizophr Res, 146(1-3), 209-216. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.034
4. Dickinson, D., Bellack, A. S., & Gold, J. M. (2007). Social/communication skills, cognition, and vocational functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull, 33(5), 1213-1220. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl067
5. Hamm, J. A., Renard, S. B., Fogley, R. L., Leonhardt, B. L., Dimaggio, G., Buck, K. D., & Lysaker, P. H. (2012). Metacognition and social cognition in schizophrenia: stability and relationship to concurrent and prospective symptom assessments. J Clin Psychol, 68(12), 1303-1312. doi: 10.1002/jclp.21906
6. Lin, C. H., Huang, C. L., Chang, Y. C., Chen, P. W., Lin, C. Y., Tsai, G. E., & Lane, H. Y. (2013). Clinical symptoms, mainly negative symptoms, mediate the influence of neurocognition and social cognition on functional outcome of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res, 146(1-3), 231-237. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.02.009
7. Mancuso, F., Horan, W. P., Kern, R. S., & Green, M. F. (2011). Social cognition in psychosis: multidimensional structure, clinical correlates, and relationship with functional outcome. Schizophr Res, 125(2-3), 143-151. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.007
8. Mirabilio, D., Di Tommaso, S., Riccardi, I., Marinelli, M., Daneluzzo, E., Stratta, P., . . . Rossi, A. (2006). Predictors of social cognition in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat, 2(4), 571-576.
9. Oliver, B. R., Barker, E. D., Mandy, W. P., Skuse, D. H., & Maughan, B. (2011). Social cognition and conduct problems: a developmental approach. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 50(4), 385-394. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.006
10. Petroni, A., Canales-Johnson, A., Urquina, H., Guex, R., Hurtado, E., Blenkmann, A., . . . Ibanez, A. (2011). The cortical processing of facial emotional expression is associated with social cognition skills and executive functioning: a preliminary study. Neurosci Lett, 505(1), 41-46. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.062
11. Pijnenborg, G. H., Withaar, F. K., Evans, J. J., van den Bosch, R. J., Timmerman, M. E., & Brouwer, W. H. (2009). The predictive value of measures of social cognition for community functioning in schizophrenia: implications for neuropsychological assessment. J Int Neuropsychol Soc, 15(2), 239-247. doi: 10.1017/S1355617709090341
12. Schmidt, S. J., Mueller, D. R., & Roder, V. (2011). Social cognition as a mediator variable between neurocognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: empirical review and new results by structural equation modeling. Schizophr Bull, 37 Suppl 2, S41-54. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr079
13. Williams, L. M., Whitford, T. J., Flynn, G., Wong, W., Liddell, B. J., Silverstein, S., . . . Gordon, E. (2008). General and social cognition in first episode schizophrenia: identification of separable factors and prediction of functional outcome using the IntegNeuro test battery. Schizophr Res, 99(1-3), 182-191. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2007.10.019